Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be a useful continuous, non-invasive technique for monitoring the effect of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) fluctuations in the cerebral circulation during ventilation. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of NIRS to detect acute changes in cerebral blood flow following PaCO2 fluctuations after confirming the autoregulation physiology in piglets. Fourteen piglets (<72 h of life) were studied. Mean arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation, pH, glycemia, hemoglobin, electrolytes, and temperature were monitored. Eight animals were used to evaluate brain autoregulation, assessing superior cava vein Doppler as a proxy of cerebral blood flow changing mean arterial blood pressure. Another 6 animals were used to assess hypercapnia generated by decreasing ventilatory settings and complementary CO2 through the ventilator circuit and hypocapnia due to increasing ventilatory settings. Cerebral blood flow was determined by jugular vein blood flow by Doppler and continuously monitored with NIRS. A decrease in PaCO2 was observed after hyperventilation (47.6±2.4 to 29.0±4.9 mmHg). An increase in PaCO2 was observed after hypoventilation (48.5±5.5 to 90.4±25.1 mmHg). A decrease in cerebral blood flow after hyperventilation (21.8±10.4 to 15.1±11.0 mL/min) and an increase after hypoventilation (23.4±8.4 to 38.3±10.5 mL/min) were detected by Doppler ultrasound. A significant correlation was found between cerebral oxygenation and Doppler-derived parameters of blood flow and PaCO2. Although cerebral NIRS monitoring is mainly used to detect changes in regional brain oxygenation, modifications in cerebral blood flow following experimental PaCO2 changes were detected in newborn piglets when no other important variables were modified.

Abstract: For Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus cultivation have been used different media, but a few researches shows the changes in the plant growth promoting traits of this microorganism. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo conditions the effect of five culture media in plant growth promotion activity of this bacterium in carrot and sugar beet. The bacterium concentration after 48 hours of fermentation in a shaker was 1012 CFU.mL-1 in all media. After the fermentation process, the bacterium has stable growth in culture medium without combine nitrogen; but it has difference in the solubilization halo in NBRIP medium, indicating the affectation of phosphorous solubilisation ability. The effect of final fermentation products application over carrot and sugar beet also depend of the medium used for microorganism growth. Media like SG and SYP where better for the action over lives and MA medium (rice) was better in the action over root in both vegetables species. The results show the influence of culture medium in plant growth promotion activities of G. diazotrophicus in carrot and sugar beet.

Resumen: Para el crecimiento de Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus se han utilizado diferentes medios de cultivos, aunque existen pocos trabajos que ilustran cómo estos afectan las características del microorganismo y su efecto en la planta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar en condiciones in vitro e in vivo el efecto de cinco medios de cultivos sobre el potencial como promotor del crecimiento vegetal de esta especie bacteriana en zanahoria y remolacha. La concentración del microorganismo después de 48 horas de fermentación en zaranda rotatoria se mantuvo en el orden de 1012 CFU. mL-1para todos los medios de cultivo evaluados. Al finalizar el proceso fermentativo la bacteria presentó un crecimiento estable en un medio carente de nitrógeno combinado; sin embargo, las diferencias en los halos de solubilización en el medio NBRIP indican una afectación en la capacidad de solubilización de fósforo. El efecto de la aplicación de los productos finales de la fermentación sobre zanahoria y remolacha depende del medio utilizado para el crecimiento del microorganismo. Variantes como el SG y SYP producen una mayor influencia sobre el follaje, mientras que el medio MA (elaborado a base de arroz) sobresale por su efecto sobre las raíces de ambas especies hortícolas. De esta forma se demuestra que el medio de cultivo influye en las características como promotor del crecimiento vegetal de G. diazotrophicus en zanahoria y remolacha.

Introduction: In parenteral nutrition it is necessary to adjust the intake to the estimated caloric requirements. These needs may be achieved by the use of bi- or tricameral nutrition (EPN), although they present some rigidity regarding their composition. Objective: To assess the adequacy of caloric intake using EPN, to determine the factors conditioning it and the associated complications. Methods: Cohort, prospective, and observational study for 9 months in surgical patients. The calculated needs were compared with actual intake. The factors conditioning the excess and deficit (weight, age, stress factor, height, glycemia, and triglyceridemia) were studied by means of a multivariant method. The metabolic complications associated to the excess or deficit (hyperglycemias, hypertriglyceridemias) were studied by using the Student's t test. The theoretical calculations with the Harris-Benedict and the Mifflin equations were compared by lineal correlation regression. Results: 94 patients were studied. In 87% of them, the caloric intake was within the ± 15% range of the theoretical mean. Thirty patients had caloric excess, whereas 61 had deficit. Patients with high weight (> 68 kg), stress factor > 1.2, and hypertriglyceridemias (> 3 mmol/L) had higher risk for caloric deficit. Twenty two point eight percent had hyperglycemias that were correlated with caloric excess. Nineteen point eight percent had hypertriglyceridemias associated to caloric deficit. When comparing both formulas, the values correlated well except for those patients with low weight and advanced age. Discussion: Although EPN fits the caloric requirements in most of the patients, in those with high weight, hypercatabolism, and hypertriglyceridemia there is a risk for caloric deficit.

Introducción: En nutrición parenteral es necesario adecuar el aporte a los requisitos calóricos estimados. Estas necesidades se podrían cubrir mediante preparados bi/tricamerales (NPE) aunque presenten rigidez en su composición. Objetivo: Evaluar la adecuación del aporte calórico al utilizar NPE, determinar los factores que la condicionan y las complicaciones asociadas. Métodos: Estudio de cohortes, observacional y prospectivo durante nueve meses en pacientes quirúrgicos. Se compararon las necesidades calculadas con el aporte real. Se estudiaron que factores condicionaban el exceso y el déficit (peso, edad, factor de estrés, altura, glucemia y trigliceridemia) mediante un modelo multivariante. Se estudiaron las complicaciones metabólicas (hiperglucemias, hipertrigliceridemias) asociadas al exceso o al déficit mediante la t de Student. Se compararon los cálculos teóricos de la ecuación de Harris-Benedict y de Mifflin mediante una regresión lineal-correlación. Resultados: Se estudiaron 94 pacientes. En el 87% el aporte calórico estaba dentro del rango ± 15% de la media teórica. 30 pacientes estuvieron en exceso calórico y 61 en déficit. Los pacientes de peso elevado (> 68 kg), factor de estrés superior a 1,2 e hipertrigliceridemias (> 3 mmol/L) tenían mayor riesgo de déficit calórico. El 22,8% presentaron hiperglucemias que se relacionaron con exceso calórico. El 19,8% presentaron hipertrigliceridemias que se asociaron con déficit calórico. En la comparación de las dos fórmulas los valores se correlacionaban excepto en pacientes con bajo peso y edad avanzada. Discusión: Aunque la NPE se adecua a los requisitos calóricos de la mayoría de los pacientes, en pacientes con elevado peso, hipercatabolismo e hipertrigliceridemia existe un riesgo de déficit.

Post-anesthesic parotiditis is a little known entity related with anesthesic procedures but described in any situation that motivates manipulation of the oropharyngeal cavity. Its physiopathological mechanism is not well-defined, although it could have a multifactorial origin. A case of a male who was admitted for post-operative control of brain tumor exeresis and who had preauricular and submaxillary inflammation after a routinely performed tracheostomy is presented. Coincidence with the performing of a tracheostomy required us to propose the differential diagnosis with the complications associated to said surgical act. Post-anesthesic parotiditis, even though it is a rare complication and has no clinical significance, should be kept in mind when there is facial edema after any manipulation of the oropharyngeal cavity.

La parotiditis postanestésica es una entidad poco conocida, relacionada con procedimientos anestésicos pero descrita ante cualquier situación que motiva una manipulación de la cavidad orofaríngea. Su mecanismo fisiopatológico no está bien definido aunque podría ser de origen multifactorial. Se presenta el caso de un varón que ingresó para control postoperatorio de exéresis de tumor cerebral y que tras una traqueotomía realizada de forma rutinaria presenta una inflamación a nivel preauricular y submaxilar. La coincidencia con la realización de traqueotomía nos obligó a plantearnos el diagnóstico diferencial con las complicaciones asociadas a dicho acto quirúrgico. La parotiditis postanestésica, aun tratándose de una complicación poco frecuente y sin trascendencia clínica, debe tenerse en cuenta ante la aparición de edema facial tras cualquier manipulación de la cavidad orofaríngea.